Analysis Of The Novel Light Of August By William Faulkner

Spring Author Report: Joe Christmas William Faulkner s novel, Light in August, is set in his fictional town of Yoknapatawpha County, depicting the rural South in the early 1900’s. It is a novel about humanity where Faulkner uses his characters to establish the necessity for human connection. Joe Christmas, the main character, experiences a tragic journey toward self-identity. Faulkner uses the character of Joe Christmas to expose how conflict with society and oneself unchains a darkness. Joe Christmas is alienated from a young age after being dumped at an orphanage, where his unknown racial identity begins an inner turmoil. Joe is left in an orphanage with no sense of identity, and ignorant of his mixed ancestry. While in the†¦show more content†¦After leaving the orphanage, Christmas is thrown into a disturbed family that is void of connection and love. The family environment he is exposed to is one of fear and cruelty. He gains no acceptance on account of religious values. When Joe sins by lying to his father about what he did with the money he gained from selling a cow â€Å"[Mr. McEachern strikes] Joe with his fist† (Faulkner 164). Mr. McEachern beats Joe for sinning - lying - and uses religion as a justification of abuse, thus creating Christmas’s warped view of religion. This complex relationship with religion places Joe in conflict with the societal norm. In his critical essay on Light in August, B. R. McElderry Jr.t analyzes the role of religion in the novel, highlighting how it leads to the brutalities in the novel. Christmas is exposed to â€Å"a religion of dynamic hatred, intolerance, and frustration† (Gale McElderry). Mr. McEachern provides Joe Christmas with a religious outlook that is the antithesis of religion. This fuels Joe’s conflict with society by placing him in further isolation from the town. Christmas forges his first connection with a young prostitute named Bobbie Allen, where his first instance of violence is seen. He begins having sexual relations with her, and soon tells her that he â€Å"thinks [he has] some nigger blood in [him]† (Faulkner 196). She is the only person Christmas has a remotely personalShow MoreRelatedEssay on Modernism and New Criticism2997 Words   |  12 Pagesthrown out all their old traditions. It was now time to concentrate on the present. New Criticism directly reflects this new way of thinking by finding the meaning of literary texts based on the texts themselves. You look at what is- the poem, the novel- and find what it means. In Lois Tyson’s book, Critical Theory Today, he constructs one question to define New Criticism: â€Å"What single interpretation of the text best establishes its organic unity?† (134). 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Community Family Studies- Task 3 - 1120 Words

Community and Family Studies- Task 3 In a hypothetical sense: Stephan, 35 male, married a young women who was died of cancer 1 year after bearing their second child. Stephan is now a single primary carer of these two children a girl aged 11 and a boy aged 9. He works full time at a high school to pay for one child’s schooling and the other child’s carer at home as well as medical needs e.g wheelchair. The youngest child has a severe type of autism which prevents him from attending school therefore needing a part-time carer at home. Different kinds of symptoms this child experiences may affect the child’s home life such as: Delay in learning how to speak or doesn’t talk at all, difficulty communicating needs or desires may affect the†¦show more content†¦With such a small living space for 3 people, this puts strain on the family’s relationships along with most of attention on the disabled child, the older child does not get much love or attention which may lead to feelings of neglect. The emotional wel lbeing of this child is at risk as she is growing into teenage years and not having the emotional and physical care of the mother, and the father not being there emotionally. The strain on the family will only grow therefore creating an unhealthy family environment. Not only is there emotional conflict within the child but with Stephan as he has to battle the loss of his loved one and care for two children as wells as pay for the children’s needs with the limited income from the full-time career as a high school teacher, where he has to put his attention on his students. Stephan does not have time for personal activities which may result in lack of physical and emotional health. Human services - parenting payment for single father This support network meets the needs of this parent/carer as it helps the financial situation of this single father with two children. This extra payment may contribute towards Stephan and the eldest child’s need’s of food, clothing and leisure activities. This support network benefits the carer as it provides extra money to help pay for specific needs and wants such as food, clothing etc. as well

Los Zetas Free Essays

RUNNING HEAD: Los Zetas Nolita Oliveira Wayland Baptist University Dr. Paul Lankford Borderland Beat Reporter Overmex (2010, August 26), reported 72 illegal immigrants from El Salvador, Honduras, Ecuador and Brazil, were found dead on a ranch in San Fernando, Tamaulipas, which is 150 km from the U. S. We will write a custom essay sample on Los Zetas or any similar topic only for you Order Now border city of Brownsville. This discovery came from one survivor who found his way to the Navy troops and reported members of the Los Zeta cartel at the nearby ranch. According to the Borderland Beat; 21 rifles, six 5. mm M4 carbines, three 7. 60 mm AK-47, seven 12 gauge shotguns, five . 22 caliber rifles, 101 magazines, two ammunition belts, six thousand 649 cartridges of various calibers, four bullet proof vests, one helmet, four trucks, one with the Ministry of National Defense (SEDENA), were also found at the ranch. With such a rich supply of ammunition and a massacre of men and women with their hands and feet tied, the question remains, how have the Los Zetas become so powerful? Los Zeta’s was originally founded by a group of highly trained Mexican Army Special Forces deserters and has expanded to include corrupted former federal, state, and local police officers hired by Mexico’s Gulf Cartel (Los Zetas, 2010, November 22). The group originally consisted of 31 members with the first leader, Lieutenant Arturo Guzman Decena using his Federal Judicial Police radio code to become identified as Z1. This code was given to high-ranking officers for the Commanding Federal Judicial Police Officers in Mexico. Zeta is also named for the letter in Spanish. Decena was born in 1976 and trained with an elite Mexican military group called Grupo Aeromovil de Fuerzas Especiales (GAFE) which were trained in counter- insurgency and locating and apprehending drug cartel members, with Decena came 30 other GAFE deserters. Decena was killed in 2002 and his second-in-command Z2 was captured in 2004 (Decena, 2010, November 27). The current leader is Z3 Heriberto Lazcano. Los Zeta’s was originally hired to track down and kill rival cartel members and provide protection for the Gulf Cartel. Their power has grown and their savagery has had no boundaries. In 2003 Los Zetas negotiated a pact with the Gulf Cartel and the Beltran –Leyva Cartel to engage their own drug shipments (Los Zetas, 2010, November 22). Seven years later after the pact, Los Zetas have violently turned against their former partner, the Gulf Cartel, and have formed alliances with the Juarez Cartel, Tijuana Cartel and the Beltran- Leyva Cartel. The other major faction alignment includes the Gulf Cartel, Sinaloa Cartel, and La Familia Cartel. In response to the Los Zeta’s savagery the Sinaloa Cartel hired another armed enforcer gang, Los Negros, to fight back. Los Negros have also turned their back and become independent are gaining more control of regions. As with other terrorist organizations, such as al Qaeda, there are roots to the source of the evil. According to Brookes (2005), it is important to understand the many reasons for the terrorist phenomenon includes radical religious ideology, poor governance, a lack of economic opportunity, social alienation, demographic pressure, and political isolation (page 11). Although Los Zeta’s. Los Negros, or other Mexican Cartels have not been listed as terrorist organizations by the U. S. Department of State their actions are in compliance with the different definitions of terrorism. Narcoterrorist would describe what these Mexican Cartels are. The statutory definition used by National Counterterrorism Center NCTC states that terrorism is premeditated, politically motivated violence directed against non-combatants (Benjamin, D. 2010,August 5). According to Narcoterrorism (2010, December 6), former Peru President coined the term narcoterrorism when describing terrorist-type attacks against nation’s anti-narcotics policy. The term was originally understood to mean â€Å"the attempts of narcotics traffickers to influence the policies of a government or a society through violence and intimidation and to hinder the enforcement of the law and the administration of justice by the systematic threat or use of such violence (Narcoterrorism). FARC, ELN, Hamas, Taliban, and AUC in Colombia, and PCP- SL in Peru are all known terrorist organizations that engage in drug trafficking activity to fund their operations and gain recruits and expertise. Describing the horrific killing and torturing tactics Los Zetas use against their countrymen, government, innocent men, women, and children could be best described as simply terrorist, the best term when describing them would be narcoterrorist. Their battle against their own and the United States is not deeply rooted to a religion or some other similar ideology known terrorist organization’s base their practice on. These cartels are simply money hungry, power tripping, double crossing, unfaithful to any cause, and will burn their own to reach their desired level. The War on Drugs is not a new concept simply invented overnight by someone to calm people down or put the fear into those pushing and selling. According to Head (2011), there is a history dating back to the early 1900’s when the Harrison Tax Act of 1914 was enforced to restrict the sale of heroin and cocaine. The Marihuana Tax Act of 1937 attempted to tax marijuana because it was an alleged â€Å"getaway drug† for heroin uses and was popular among Mexican- American immigrants. President Eisenhower was considered the first president to literally call for a war on drugs and he stressed his determination by establishing mandatory minimum federal sentences for possession of marijuana, cocaine, and opiates. The increase in federal penalties was under the Narcotic Control Act of 1956. Today the war on drugs has made it difficult to determine what is legal and illegal. Depending on the drug and the wording of drug policy legislation, narcotics are illegal except when prescribed to a certain individual. In 1996 California legalized marijuana for medical use and both the Bush and Obama administration have arrested California medical marijuana distributors (Head). The current strategy for the War on Drugs as determined by President Obama’s drug policy coordinator, which is end War on Drugs terminology and attempt to rebrand federal antidrug efforts as simple harm- reduction strategies (Head). Head also quoted â€Å"you can’t declare war on inanimate objects, social phenomena, moods, or abstractions— and it’s a rhetorical convention that has determined the way our country views drug policy enforcement (Head). If you can’t declare war on these inanimate objects, social phenomena, moods or abstractions, and you can’t declare war on a country without resources to fight a war, than how do you rid the world of narcoterrorist? It’s simply not possible. Mexico has been the main foreign supplier of marijuana and methamphetamines to the U. S. Dr ug cartels have been illegally transporting an estimated 70 % of foreign narcotics such as cocaine, heroin, and other drugs into the United States and other countries but were not transporting in such violent methods as used today (Mexico Drug War, 2011, January 3). Mexican Drug War also states that Mexico only accounts for a small share of worldwide heroin production but is the major distributor of heroin introduced into the United States. The U. S. Department estimates 90% of the cocaine is mainly produced by Colombia but entered into the U. S. through Mexico. Mexico and the U. S. borders have been used since the mid- 1980’s when Mexico had established organizations competent and reliable to transport Colombian cocaine. Mexican cartels were given 30 % to 50 % of the cocaine shipment which led the cartels to become traffickers and distributors. Although the first few decades after the development of the cartels was passive, since 2006 the Mexican Cartels have turned deadly battling for territory rights and turning on each other. According to Timeline of the Mexican Drug War (2010, December 18), the deployment of Mexican Army soldiers into Michoacan to end drug violence was regarded as the first major retaliation made against cartel violence in Mexico and was regarded as the starting point of the Mexican Drug War between the government and drug cartels. The war escalated with each increase in military troops making Los Zeta’s violence against Mexicans harsher and frequent. It was reported 150 Mexican soldiers and police officers were killed as opposed to the 500 cartel gunmen killed in 2006. Violence surged and by 2008 there was a record of 5, 630 death. The kidnapping, torture, and decapitation of seven off duty soldiers and one police commander were included in this death toll. In 2008 high ranking police officials and government officials were gunned down or executed. The decapitated heads of the off duty police officials were left in a shopping center to be found with a threatening note to the military. Their terrorism tactics have since left their marks to be remembered. With Los Zetas becoming more violent and demanding more plaza’s the need for outside and local forces free from corruption is highly in demand. Regardless of the attempts to weed out those with possible links to Los Zetas or any cartel will remain impossible to prevent the introduction of new and easily corrupted officials. This can be said for their recruitment of poor, military, law enforcement and government officials. According to Los Zetas, their main recruits are all corrupted ex- federal, state, and local police officers as well as the poor men and women and former Kaibiles from Guatemala. This group does recruit women to help run the organization. The Kaibilies are special operations force of the Guatemala military and specialize in jungle warfare tactics and counter- insurgency operations (Kaibilies, 2010 November 2). There is also hierarchy within the group, just like other organized crime organizations. According to Los Zetas there are five groups. The first group consisted of the Los Halcones (The Hawks) and they were responsible for monitoring the distribution zones. The second group is the Las Ventanas (The Windows) who are bike-riding mid- teens responsible for warning the presence of police and other suspicious individuals near small stores that sell drugs. The Los Manosos (The Tricky Ones) gathered the arms. Los Zetas employ prostitute women who are called Los Leopardos (Leapards). The Los Zetas also have the Direccion (Command) which consists of 20 communications experts who intercept phone calls, follow and identify suspicious automobiles and are also known to accomplish kidnappings and executions. All of these groups form the composition of Los Zetas (Los Zetas). Los Zetas can also be compared to al- Qaida, in that their myriads of extensive criminal activities. They kidnap, murder- for- hire, use extortion, money- launder, smuggle humans and are involved with oil siphoning. Like al Qaeda, they have adopted a cell- like structure to limit the information known about members within the organization. Los Zeta’s boldness and cells are spread globally and it has been reported that the FBI were warned that a Los Zetas cell in Texas would use full tactical response if they intervened on their operations. Los Zetas have been able to take over and lord over a great deal of territories by battling it out with their enemies. Los Zetas is mainly based in the border region of Nuevo Laredo and have established lookouts in airports, bus stations, and main roads. They are also along the Gulf Coast region, Tabasco, Yucatan, Quintana Roo, Chiaps, Pacific Coast states, including Guerror, Oaxaca, Michocan, and in Mexico City. Los Zetas hires Mexican gangs such as the Texas Syndicate and MS-13 to carry out their contract killings (Los Zetas). According to the NarcoGuerra Times the DEA officials in Canada, Italy, and Mexico had arrested 175 members of the Zetas who were connected with the Ndrangheta. Los Zeta’s has been operating in approximately 47 countries and have been said to have established connections with the Italian Calabrian mafia known as Ndrangheta (NarchGuerra Times, 2009, September 19). There is research showing the Zetas and Ndrangheta had been working together for more than two years, since Europe needed the cocaine. The main reason their connection is important is because Ndrangheta is considered a major transnational criminal organization dealing in nuclear waste. Their partnership has also allowed the Zetas to advance their money laundering, real estate and human trafficking into Europe (Narco Guerra Times). Forming alliances with foreign countries organized criminal divisions will only make it harder for the Mexican government fight their war against the cartels and for these countries to fight their wars on drugs. America has been battling with the war on drugs and so have other countries’ making it harder to clean up the streets is becoming more impossible with each cell developed in other locations. Mexico’s battle with corruption within all the levels of police departments and constant recruitments with gangs across the border and international waters has made it harder for Homeland Security to fight the battle. Mexico’s war against the cartels seem to only be escalating the issue and although many of the main cartel members throughout the different territories have been brought to justice, it seems their war on that side of the border is not accomplishing much but more bled shed on both sides of the border. As one of the strongest and dominant countries, America could provide the assistance needed. Many may debate this or feel America has their hand in too many countries affairs but the fact remains the brutality and narcoterrorist tactics used by Los Zetas and other cartels will continue to increase. This is not saying President Calderon has rejected American help or has been using other security tactics to help prosecute criminals associated with known narcoterrorist organizations. According to Hansen (2008, November 20), Mexico has pursued different methods for security tactics including extraditing alleged criminals to the United States, including the head of the Gulf Cartel. They have also been actively attempting to dismantle illegal methamphetamine labs, cocaine shipments, and eradicate marijuana. This shows promise but only twenty six meth labs were dismantled between 2002 and 2007. President Calderon developed a 2008 constitutional reform that merged their Federal Preventive Police (PFP) and the Federal Agency of Investigation (AFI). The AFI is similar to the FBI and gathers intelligence and the PFP is responsible for maintaining public order but does not have investigative abilities. President Calderon constitutional reforms of 2008 also called for reforms on criminal procedures. The reforms include oral trials with public proceedings, sentencing based on the evidence presented during trial, judges who are allowed to quickly rule on search warrant requests (Hansen). Their old ways used written trial procedures that could last for years. These efforts show some willingness to adopt new and effective methods using foreign help and using modern legal methods but it is still not enough. According to Hernandez (2010, February 25), the International Narcotics Control Board (INCB) based out of Vienna stated that Mexico, Brazil, and Argentina were sending out the wrong messages in their legislative and judicial developments that were aimed to decriminalize the possession of some drugs. With their declaration Mexico, Brazil, and Argentina rebutted and claimed that the INCB was overstepping their organizations mandated and were unwarranted intrusions in their countries sovereign decision-making and that the INCB has no jurisdiction over police changes made within sovereign nations. In 2009 Mexico decriminalized the possession of small amounts of marijuana, cocaine, heroin, and methamphetamine (Hernandez). Brazil replaced prison sentences with education and treatment for small-time drug offenders in 2006. In 2009 Argentina’s Supreme Court declared punishment for possession of marijuana for personal use as unconstitutional. Argentina also called INCB’s arrogant for questioning the highest judicial authority of a sovereign state. Hernandez also stated that the INCB was deeply concerned with the United States moving towards legalizing or regularizing the use of marijuana for medical purposes may send the wrong message to other countries. The INCB had a legitimate concern for these countries actions of making it easier for criminals to pursue selling and people using marijuana and other drugs. In the United States inmates are allowed to pursue an education or gain their GED to help them gain employment when released but this does not prevent repeated offenders. Taking tough actions and measures is the only way to decrease crime and drug usage. Mexico’s President taking two steps forward and then two steps back is only causing confusion for others to know what actions they need to take. The hard core facts that these Mexican narcoterrorist organizations were developed by corrupted ex military or law enforcement officials make it hard for the rest of the world to believe Mexico is competent to battle against the cartels or protect heir citizens from the unthinkable. With Mexico’s incompetence comes inpatient Americans’ willing and ready to battle for their land. When the Arizona rancher was found dead on his land it was automatically assumed illegal immigrants had killed him. Arizona government officials quickly used his death as an example to push forwa rd their Senate Bill 1070. Now other states have developed similar versions for their own state immigration laws. The growing concern has somewhat shifted from illegal immigration, to how to battle Los Zetas and other cartels. Arizona’s Bill may have opened people’s eyes to the growing problem of illegal immigrants advancing in the United States, but no one in their right mind could have ever imagined seeing those poor immigrants hog tied, gagged, and executed by Los Zetas; for trying to make it across the border. The American people don’t want the Mexican’s killed, simply accounted for. When talking about Los Zeta’s and their narcoterrorist ways, it seems impossible not to think of them as terrorist in the same class as al Qaeda. They may not share the same fanatical ideology as al Qaeda but their terrorist tactics used against the Mexican and American people is on the same level. With the vast growth of their cells spreading globally and forming alliances with known organizations handling nuclear waste, the threat they pose to all those against them is even scarier than those threats by al Qaeda supporters living in the United States. Mexico has been using underground tunnels and smuggling drugs, humans, and weapons across both sides of the borders for decades. There have been reports that al Qaeda has helped train Los Zetas recruits with similar tactics. These Mexican military deserters have trained in the same American military installation, Fort Bragg, as known al Qaedan terrorist members have. The connection is too great and should not be ignored. Los Zeta’s is in a country that has a poor economy but extremely rich in the illegal drug trade. The promise of pay, respect, and fear is what appeals to those who join their ranks. This can be said for any organization. The Mexican government will not be able to use only their military forces to combat against these cartels. Los Zetas has proven they have no loyalty to any one organization but to themselves and their greed for territory and wealth has been fueling their fire. President Calderon should not wait for a full out battle to develop between the cartels and the cartels against the Mexican military. Zetas is growing rapidly and stronger with support and alliances from other countries. Instead President Calderon should call upon Mexico’s allies for help battling them and cleaning up their streets. These cartels have gained their intelligence from working on the inside and gaining as much intelligence, expertise, and experience as possible. Their knowledge, tactics, and alliances will keep them thriving and defining who they are. It is up to the Mexican government to develop solutions to their economic crisis, drug laws, and protection of the people. Their military can only combat so long for so little pay and then they will turn to the darker side. If they paid their people enough salary there would be fewer traitors. It’s like a mother developing rules for her children and expecting them to follow without having to actually enforce them. Countries have been known to break down barriers such as Germany. Countries have also sat by and watched a power hungry Jew hating man murder thousands of innocent people before calling in the big guns. Countries should not sit idly by and watch thousands of people get slaughtered because some men in uniform are greedy for territorial rights and making money by distributing, marketing, laundering drugs, humans, and weapons. There are American military installations located across Border States and if that is what it takes, so be it. References Arturo Guzman Decena. (2010, November 27). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 20:30, January 2, 2010. From http://en. wikipedia. org/w/index. php? title=Arturo_Guzm%C3%A1n_Decenaoldid=399212394 Benjamin, D. (2010, August 5). Briefing on the release of country reports on terrorism for 2009. U. S. Department of State: Diplomacy in action Retrieved January 2, 2010 from http://www. state. gov/s/ct/rls/rm/2010/145734. htm Borderland Beat Reporter Overmex (2010, August 26). Zetas Massacre 72 Illegal Immigrants in San Fernando, Tamaulipas. Borderland Beat: reporting on the Mexican Cartel drug war. Retrieved December 2, 2010 from http://www. orderlandbeat. com/2010/08/zetas-massacre-72-illegal-immigrants-in .html Hansen, S. (2008, November 20). Mexico’s Drug War. Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 2010, December 30 2010 from http://www. cfr. org/publications/13689/mexicos_drug_war. htm Head, T. (2011). History of the War on Drugs. About. com Civil Liberties. Retrieved 2011, December 2, 2010 from http://civilliberty. about. com/od/drugpolicy/tp/Wa r-on-Drugs-History. Hernandez, D. (2010, February 25). The International Narcotics Control Board criticizes several Latin American countries. La Plaza: News from Latin American and the Caribbean. Retrieved December 22, 2010 from http://latimesblogs. latimes. com/laplaza/2010/02/united-nations-latin-america-international-narcotics-control-board-incb-mexico-brazil-argentina. html Kaibilies. (2010, November 10). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved January 2, 2010 from http://en. wikipedia. org/w/index. php? title=Kaibilesoldid=395893797 Los Zetas. (2010, November 22). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved November 27, 2010 from http://en. wikipedia. rg/wiki/Los_Zetas NarcoGuerra Times (2009, September 19). Zetas/La Compania, Ndrangheta and the Nuclear Options. NarcoGuerra Times. Retrieved from http://narcoguerratimes. wordpress. com/2009/09/19/zetasla-compania-ndhrangeta-and-the-nuclear-options/ Narcoterrorism. (2010, December 6). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved January 2, 2010 from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Narcoterrorism Timeline of the Mexican Drug War. (2010, December 18). In Wikipe dia, The Free Encyclopedia Retrieved January 2, 2010 from http://en. wikipedia. org/w/index. php? ttle=Timeline_of_the_Mexican_. How to cite Los Zetas, Papers

Sutradhar in Ghasiram Kotwal Essay Example

Sutradhar in Ghasiram Kotwal Essay he Sutradhar in the play Ghasiram Kotwal has been used as much more than a conventional observer and reporter of facts. Vijay Tendulkar has used the Sutradhar as a theatrical device. Sometimes,the omniscient Sutradhar simply communicates facts to the audience. At other times, he blends into the play as he takes on various transient characters. He makes significant comments at all crucial occurances in the play and also plays an important role as he subtly suggests the incidents that are to follow, with his meaningful remarks ,songs and enchantments. Vijay Tendulkar has given the Sutradhar the liberty to become a part of the story and detach himself wherever he wishes. In the beginning of Act One,the Sutradhar exhibits quick-wit when he notices a Brahman sneaking off the stage slyly. He suddenly stops him and engages him into a tricky conversation which leads to the Brahman admitting that hes going to Bavannakhani to watch girls dancing and singing. When the Brahman says that he is going to the graveyard, Sutradhar says he wants to come along as he needs wood for his stove. When the Brahman tries to evade the Sutradhar by saying there are genies in the graveyard,he cleverly retorts by saying he needs four genies to fill a bottle. This conversation adds comic relief to the tragedy. Another conversation with a Brahman further establishes the Sutradhar as a meddlesome , inquisitive, cunning yet good humoured character. Even though he is aware of the whereabouts of the Brahmans,he deliberately keeps attacking them with questions so they spill out the truth themselves. We will write a custom essay sample on Sutradhar in Ghasiram Kotwal specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Sutradhar in Ghasiram Kotwal specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Sutradhar in Ghasiram Kotwal specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Sutradhars questions also establish that the Brahmans are supposed to follow a certain code of conduct , which they regularly violate. Also, these questions answers underline the fact that that Brahmans use as excuses, their religious obligations-such as going to the temple,or the cemetery or attending Kirtan to mask their own nefarious activities . Certain dialogues of Sutradhar,for instance Night comes, Night comes. The gun of eleven booms are inauspicious and sinister. These are essential in preparing the atmosphere for the unpleasant nocturnal practices that may begin with later in the ight. The Sutradhar appears as a prison-mate of Ghashiram when he is falsely accused of thievery, beaten up ruthlessly and thrown into prison. He comes across as a worldly fellow. He says The thief is a simple thief. The police are official thieves . With his soliloquy, he exposes the unscrupulous,unfair authorities. Later,the Sutradhar puts on a Haridasa shawl,indicating that he has taken o n the role of a Kirtankar,a special kind of religious story teller. He sings an Abhanga(a short, religious Maharashtrian verse). He skillfully changes this to a Lavani(a love song). This sudden change is repeated by the Sutradhar to signify chaos. Ultimately, the Lavani remains, to highlight the storm of lust building up in Nanas mind on seeing Gauri for the first time. In the beginning of Act Two the Sutradhar seems to be making people aware of the atrocities afflicted by Ghashiram, the Kotwal . He repeatedly says Gauri dances,Nana dances,Ghashirams got his chances. No whoring without a permit.. No cremation without a permit These expose the hypocrisy of the newly discovered facet of Ghashiram. The Sutradhar then changes over to portray a village man whose wife is about to give birth to their child. The hapless man is in search of a midwife in the middle of the night. This is when Ghashiram catches him-he hits him, slaps him,kicks him for being out of his house at a late hour without a permit. Ghashiram doesnt even listen to the poor mans reasons for the same. Sutradhar then makes a tall , valuable statement : If you lay a hand on Ghashiram, Nana will smash you. If you dont then Ghashiram will get you anyway This shows the travesty of power, it shows how the lust for power leads to total abuse of it. Its a paradox for the common people of Poona as they have no other authority to reach out to. After that, when a Brahman is made to go through an ordeal , the Sutradhar seems to be witnessing it and explaining to the audience the events as , when and how they take place. Later in Act Two , he stops a Brahman from going off stage in a hurry. This time it is the truth about Nanas seventh mariage that the Sutradhar feigns to enquire about . The urgency of the scene makes is a thoroughly enjoyable and entertaining conversation. The sutradhar then assumes the role of a singer and sings to the rhythm of a hand drum . This Wedding Song for Nana is saddled with irony and mockery at the old Nana for marrying a young girl , who he has bought: The Peshwas Chief Minister. Still young enough to marry ! His moustaches turned gray. But not all his tteth are gone- However, immediately after this, the Sutradhar suddenly assumes his next important role-That of a Pandit who chants wedding shlokas for Nana and his bride-to-be and binds the two into matrimony as everyone watches on. After Ghashiram has realised that his daughter is no more alive , the Sutradhar says : Gauri went. Nana stays This symbolises the death of the innocent and naive while the powerful always manage to self-perpetuate. Sutradhar also adopts the role of a key informer who joins the missing links together so as to keep the interset of the audience intact throughout Act Two. Later , in Act Two itself he takes on the role of an assistant to Nana-informs him about the anguished Brahmans approaching his mansion and demanding Ghashirams death for the cruelty towards the imprisoned Brahmans. Finally , in one of his most essential dialogues , the Sutradhar says: And in the end came The End. This sentence reverberates with the various layers of meanings- with the fairly literal end of the Story of Ghashiram Kotwal, came the end of Ghashiram himself . That aside, came the end of anarchy in Poona. We see that the Sutradhar is central to the play. He has been used as an effective,innovative dramatic technique by Vijay Tendulkar to create Total Theater. One of the most challenging tasks at the hands of the Su tradhar is to bind the entire story together- with its scattered scenes, themes and a wide range of characters . The Sutradhar of Ghashiram Kotwal has beautifully threaded the entire sequence of events , much to the enjoyment of the audience and at the same time , has done justice to the narrative as well. The Sutradhar also remains important in keeping the Tamasha style of the play intact- he leads the various songs and dance sequences. He actively changes his comments and style of talking to suggest impending doom or expected humour. Hence, the Role of Sutradhar in the play Ghashiram Kotwal is pivotal, his presence is one that deserves recognition and the amalgamation of all his characters is prodigious.

Low Interest USDA Farming Microloans for US Veterans

Low Interest USDA Farming Microloans for US Veterans Thanks to of all places, the latest Farm Bill, U.S. veterans will find it easier to get low-interest Microloans​ to help them start and maintain small farms and ranches. With the United States running out of farmers, and a growing number of new veterans needing jobs, the farming Microloan program for veterans, administered by the Farm Service Agency (FSA) of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, helps serve both needs. Advantages of the Microloans First of all, the 2014 Farm Bill specifically exempts the USDA Veteran Farmer Microloans from the more restrictive repayment terms required by other USDA Direct Operating Loans. In addition, the program offers more flexible access to credit and serves as an especially attractive loan alternative for smaller farming operations like specialty crop producers. Eligible Microloan applicants can borrow up to $35,000, with repayment terms that will not exceed 7 years. Additional loans are available to cover annual operating expenses and are repaid within 12 months or when the agricultural commodities produced are sold. Under the Farm Bill, interest rates for veterans’ Microloans are limited to 5% or the current interest rate for traditional USDA Direct Operating Loans, whichever is less. As of February 2015, the interest rate for a USDA Direct Operating Loan was 2.625%. The USDA has also seen to it that the Microloans for veterans will also have a simplified application process and less stringent requirements regarding farm management experience. No Farming Experience? According to the USDA, the Microloan program administrators realize that many veterans who apply for loans will not have the required â€Å"traditional farm experience† or have not been raised on a farm or ever even lived in a farming community. Also See: New Website Helps US Veterans Find Careers in Agriculture To accommodate them, the FSA says it will consider a veteran’s experience in small business or in any self-guided apprenticeship program as a way to meet the farm management requirement. â€Å"This will assist applicants who have limited farm skills by providing them with an opportunity to gain farm management experience while working with a mentor during the first production and marketing cycle,† states the FSA. What the Microloans Can Be Used For Eligible veterans can use Microloans for: Initial start-up expenses;Annual expenses such as seed, fertilizer, utilities, land rents;Marketing and distribution expenses;Family living expenses;Purchase of livestock, equipment, and other essential materials;Minor farm improvements such as wells and coolers;Hoop houses to extend the growing season;Essential tools;Irrigation; andDelivery vehicles. Eligibility: What is a ‘Veteran Farmer?’ Under the 2014 Farm Bill, â€Å"Veteran Farmers† are finally recognized as a separate and unique class of farmer for purposes of USDA loan eligibility. Except for the requirement of military service, the definition of Veteran Farmer is the same as the long-standing USDA definition of beginning farmers and ranchers. According to the USDA, â€Å"beginning farmers and ranchers,† are defined as persons who have never operated a farm or ranch, or who have operated a farm or ranch for not more than 10 consecutive years. So, Microloans for veterans are available to persons who have served in the Armed Services – and – have never operated a farm or ranch, or have operated a farm or ranch for not more than 10 years. How to Apply for a Microloan Eligible veterans can either download the USDA Microloan application from the USDA website or pick one up at their local Farm Service Administration field office. Applicants who have problems gathering information or completing the application forms should contact their local Farm Service Administration office for help. After completing the required paperwork, applicants should submit the farm loan application to their local Farm Service Administration office.

About Anne Griswold Tyng, an Overlooked Influence

About Anne Griswold Tyng, an Overlooked Influence Anne Tyng devoted her life to geometry and architecture. Widely considered a great influence on the early designs of architect Louis I.Kahn, Anne Griswold Tyng was, in her own right, an architectural visionary, theorist, and teacher. Background: Born: July 14, 1920 in Lushan, Jiangxi province, China. The fourth of five children, Anne Griswold Tyng was the daughter of Ethel and Walworth Tyng, Episcopal missionaries from Boston, Massachusetts. Died: December 27, 2011, Greenbrae, Marin County, California (NY Times Obituary). Education and Training: 1937, St. Mary‘s School, Peekskill, New York.1942, Radcliffe College, Bachelor of Arts.1944, Harvard Graduate School of Design*, Master of Architecture. Studied Bauhaus with Walter Gropius and Marcel Breuer. Studied urban planning with Catherine Bauer.1944, New York City, briefly employed by industrial design firms.1945, moved to the Philadelphia home of her parents. Became the only female employee of Stonorov and Kahn. Worked on city planning and residential projects. Remained with Louis I. Kahn when the Stonorov and Kahn partnership broke up in 1947.1949, licensed to practice architecture. Joined the American Institute of Architects (AIA Philadelphia). Met Buckminster Fuller.1950s, associate consulting architect in Kahn‘s office. Continued to work on city of Philadelphia planning with Louis I. Kahn (Civic Center), while independently experimenting with habitable geometric designs (City Tower).1975, University of Pennsylvania, PhD in Architecture, with a focus on symmetr y and probability. * Anne Tyng was a member of the first class to admit women at the Harvard Graduate School of Design. Classmates included Lawrence Halprin, Philip Johnson, Eileen Pei, I.M. Pei, and William Wurster. Anne Tyng and Louis I. Kahn: When 25-year-old Anne Tyng went to work for Philadelphia architect Louis I. Kahn in 1945, Kahn was a married man 19 years her senior. In 1954, Tyng gave birth to Alexandra Tyng, Kahns daughter. Louis Kahn to Anne Tyng: The Rome Letters, 1953-1954 reproduces Kahns weekly letters to Tyng during this time. In 1955, Anne Tyng returned to Philadelphia with her daughter, purchased a house on Waverly Street, and resumed her research, design, and independent contract work with Kahn. Anne Tyngs influences on Louis I. Kahn architecture are most evident in these buildings: 1951–1953, tetrahedronical ceiling and openly geometric staircase in the Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven, Connecticut1955, cubes and pyramidal shapes making up the Trenton Bath House, Trenton, New Jersey1974, grid of symmetrical square design of the Yale Center for British Art, New Haven, Connecticut I believe our creative work together deepened our relationship and the relationship enlarged our creativity, Anne Tyng says of her relationship with Louis Kahn. In our years of working together toward a goal outside ourselves, believing profoundly in each other‘s abilities helped us to believe in ourselves. ( Louis Kahn to Anne Tyng: The Rome Letters, 1953-1954) Important Work of Anne G. Tyng: For nearly thirty years, from 1968 to 1995, Anne G. Tyng was a lecturer and researcher at her alma mater, the University of Pennsylvania. Tyng was widely published and taught Morphology, her own field of study based on designing with geometry and mathematics- her lifes work: 1947, developed the Tyng Toy, a set of interlocking, plywood shapes that children could assemble and re-assemble. A Tyng Toy kit could be put together to build simple but usable objects, which could then be taken apart and re-assembled to make other objects. Childrens furniture and toys included a desk, easel, stool, and wheeled toys. The Tyng Toy, featured in the August 1950 Popular Mechanics magazine (page 107), was exhibited in 1948 at the Walker Art Center in Minneapolis, Minnesota.1953, designed City Tower, a 216-foot high, geometrically intricate building for Philadelphia. In 1956, Louis Kahn envisioned tripling the height of the City Tower Project. Although never built, a model was exhibited in 1960 at the Museum of Modern Arts exhibit Visionary Architecture in New York City, with Kahn giving little credit to Tyng.1965, Anatomy of Form: The Divine Proportion in the Platonic Solids, research project funded by a grant from the Graham Foundation, Chicago, Illinois.1971, Urban Hie rarchy exhibited at AIA in Philadelphia. In a Domus Magazine interview, Tyng described the design of square houses along spiral roadways as a cyclical sequence with recurring symmetries of squares, circles, helixes and spirals. 1971–1974, designed the Four-Poster House, in which the structure of a modernist Maine vacation home is geometrically integrated with a piece of furniture, the four-poster bed.2011, Inhabiting Geometry, a walk-through exhibit of her lifes work of shapes and forms at the Institute of Contemporary Art, University of Pennsylvania and the Graham Foundation, Chicago. Tynge on City Tower The tower involved turning every level in order to connect it with the one below, making a continuous, integral structure. Its not about simply piling one piece on top of another. The vertical supports are part of the horizontal supports, so it is almost a kind of hollowed-out structure. Of course, you need to have as much usable space as possible, so the triangular supports are very widely spaced, and all the triangular elements are composed to form tetrahedrons. It was all three-dimensional. In plan, you get an efficient use of space. The buildings appear to turn because they follow their own structural geometric flow, making them look like they are almost alive....They almost look like they are dancing or twisting, even though theyre very stable and not really doing anything. Basically the triangles form small-scale three-dimensional tetrahedrons that are brought together to make bigger ones, which in turn are united to form even bigger ones. So the project can be seen as a contin uous structure with a hierarchical expression of geometry. Rather than being just one great mass, it gives you some sense of columns and floors.- 2011, DomusWeb Quotes by Anne Tyng: Many women have been scared away from the profession because of the strong emphasis on mathematics....All you really need to know are basic geometric principles, like the cube and the Pythagorean theorem.- 1974, The Philadelphia Evening Bulletin [For me, architecture] has become a passionate search for essences of form and space- number, shape, proportion, scale- a search for ways to define space by thresholds of structure, natural laws, human identity and meaning.- 1984, Radcliffe Quarterly The greatest hurdle for a woman in architecture today is the psychological development necessary to free her creative potential. To own ones own ideas without guilt, apology, or misplaced modesty involves understanding the creative process and the so-called masculine and feminine principles as they function in creativity and male-female relationships.- 1989, Architecture: A Place for Women Numbers become more interesting when you think of them in terms of forms and proportions. I am really excited about my discovery of a two volume cube, which has a face with divine proportions, while the edges are the square root in divine proportion and its volume is 2.05. As 0.05 is a very small value you cant really worry about it, because you need tolerances in architecture anyway. The two volume cube is far more interesting than the one by one by one cube because it connects you to numbers; it connects you to probability and all kinds of things that the other cube doesnt do at all. It is an entirely different story if you can connect to the Fibonacci sequence and the divine proportion sequence with a new cube.- 2011, DomusWeb Collections: The Architectural Archives of the University of Pennsylvania holds Anne Tyngs collected papers. See the  Anne Grisold Tyng Collection. The Archives are internationally known for the Louis I. Kahn Collection. Sources: Schaffner, Whitaker. Anne Tyng, A Life Chronology. Graham Foundation, 2011 (PDF); Weiss, Srdjan J. The life geometric: An Interview. DomusWeb 947, May 18, 2011 at www.domusweb.it/en/interview/the-life-geometric/; Whitaker, W. Anne Griswold Tyng: 1920–2011, DomusWeb, January 12, 2012 [accessed February 2012]

United States Assistive Technology Act of 1998 Essay

United States Assistive Technology Act of 1998 - Essay Example The third issue concerns the protection, coordination and promotion of the established program within the stated jurisdiction. In addition, since funding may be susceptible to abuse, the act establishes the checks and balances of ensuring proper management and use of availed funds. The 1998 act is majorly concerned with the provision of technical support for the persons with disability in the country so that they are able to perform their tasks and efficiently dispose off their daily activities. This is based on the fact that with new technology the disabled should not be left behind, but accorded the best alternatives of handling tasks through the facilitation of information dissemination and training programs for other personnel related to the program. The act also calls for coordination between the federal government and states agencies for the implementation of this program. Since the area of educational facilities and learning materials was the most affected, the act was mainly facilitated by the federal department of education (Watson, 2007). Persons with disabilities in the country have long been faced with challenges for the access of physical infrastructure like buildings besides not being able to access certain services like proper education. With the advancement in technology, it has been a challenge for the physically disabled to cope with innovation. The act is, therefore, established to take advantage of modern technology to enhance and support activities of th e disabled and reverse the trend where new technology poses a challenge to most disabled individuals. The policy maker was concerned because technological change is also a major driver for economic development of the country. For instance, it is notable that in the education sector alone, about over 10% of the enrolled undergraduates as of the year 2004 were disabled (National Center for Educational Statistics, 2005). The political motives and implications behind this program were varied. As a key component, the act serves the purposes of ensuring that the right of equitable access to facilities and services by the disabled members of the population is guaranteed. The policy implications is that the program required that the institutions of learning and other sector administrators develop appropriate frameworks for the facilitation of the assisted programs for the benefit of persons with disabilities. Engineering designs for the various information and technology tools are also to b e designed taking into account the usability of these individuals. The act also requires equal representation of all the stakeholders related to the issues of the assistive technology as composed in the advisory council of the act. The process of establishing this act can be traced back to the year 1987 when there was push for the establishment of policy in the aid of assisting the persons with disability to competently cope with the new technology. The following year, therefore, congress enacted an act to be able to ensure this objective. However, in the recognition that the first act was majorly based on the provision of disability friendly structures and building plans and provision of basic aid materials and implements such as wheel chairs, there was need for review especially to capture the area of technological assistance. It is in the light of